Sandbox:Defence High Frequency Communications Service

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Der Defence High Frequency Communications Service (DHFCS) ist ein sogenannter Carrier-Service für die militärische Kommunikation der britischen Streitkräfte und bedient ausschließlich die sogenannten „BLOS“-Verbindungen (Beyond Line of Sight, dt.: Jenseits der quasioptischen Ausbreitung). Technischer Betreiber ist der internationale Rüstungskonzern Babcock International, der im Auftrag des britischen Verteidigungsministeriums agiert. Für die übertragenen Inhalte sind neben den Streitkräften auch Regierungsorganisationen und Ministerien verantwortlich.

Geschichte

Vorherige Systeme

Vor der Gründung des DHFCS betrieben die Royal Air Force (RAF) und die Royal Navy (RN) eigene unabhängigen Hochfrequenz-Kommunikationssysteme (HF). Das „Strike Command Integrated Communications System“ (STCICS) der RAF, später bekannt als „Terrestrial Air Sea Communications“ (TASCOMM), wurde an sechs Standorten in Großbritannien betrieben, während das RN-System zwölf Standorte betrieb. Die Systeme überlappten sich in ihren Fähigkeiten, während sie gleichzeitig Lücken aufwiesen. In Bezug auf die Gesamtleistung entstanden viel zu hohe Betriebskosten, es mangelte an Flexibilität und keines der beiden Kommunikationsnetze wurde jemals voll ausgelastet.

Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft

Im Jahr 2003 beschloss das Verteidigungsministerium („MOD“), die bestehenden HF-Kommunikationssysteme zu einem erweiterten System zusammenzuführen und anschließend als „Defence High Frequency Communications Service“ (DHFCS) zu betreiben und zu verwalten. Die ehemalige „Defense Communication Services Agency“ (DCSA) (heute: „Information Systems and Services“ (ISS) unter Führung des britischen „Joint Forces Command“) vergab einen öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaftsvertrag über 228 Mio. £ an „VT Merlin Communications“ zur Errichtung und zum Betrieb des Systems. Merlin Communications betrieb bereits seit den 1950er Jahren den Sender des MSF-Zeitzeichens auf 60 kHz und war außerdem technisch für den BBC Worldservice verantwortlich. Der Vertrag für das DHFCS hatte zunächst eine Laufzeit von fünfzehn Jahren (Ende: 2018) und wurde durch die Reduzierung der Sende-, Empfangs- und Kontrollstellen und eine Streichung von 266 Militärdienstposten in der Führungsunterstützung von Royal Air Force und Royal Navy finanziert. VT Communications wurde 2010 von Babcock International übernommen. Seither ist der Multikonzern für die Führungsunterstützung der britischen Streitkräfte verantwortlich.

Standort-Rationalisierung

Durch die Streichung und Schließung von Standorten wurden zwischen 2003 und 2006 zwölf Sende- bzw. Empfangsstellen sowie Kontrollzentren (vier der RAF, sieben der RN und ein gemeinsamer Standort in Gibraltar) geschlossen. Die Mehrzahl dieser Standorte wurden für andere militärische Zwecke weiter genutzt. Nur die Standorte in Bampton Castle, Chelveston und Milltown wurden als einzige ganz geschlossen.

Standortschließungen

Kontrollstellen, Sende- und Empfangsstellen der britischen Streitkräfte ide für das DHFCS geschlossen wurden

Site Name	Location	Operator	Type	Notes
DCSA Bampton Castle	RAF Bampton Castle, Bampton, Oxfordshire, England	Royal Air Force	Network Control Station Receiver	Ehemals betrieben durch die RAF No. 2 Signals Unit and No. 81 Signals Unit. Etwa 72 Antennenträger wurden bereits im Dezember 2003 demontiert, die letzten beiden wurden 2015 abgebaut.
DCSA Chelveston	RAF Chelveston, Chelveston, Northamptonshire, England	Royal Air Force	Sendestelle	Eingerichtet 1977, geschlossen im Dezember 2003 und verkauft (Juni 2005). Betrieben durch die RAF No. 81 Signals Unit.
DCSA Clach McKenny	Rosneath Halbinsel, Argyll and Bute, Scotland	Royal Navy	Empfangsstation	Diente als HF-Stelle für küstennahe Funkdienste der Marine im Gebiet Firth of Clyde.
RNAS Culdrose	RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk), Helston, Cornwall, England	Royal Navy	Sendestelle Empfangsstelle
DCSA Fort Staddon	Plymouth, Devon, England	Royal Navy	Sendestelle	Hauptsächlich für die Führungsunterstützung des Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST).
DCSA Gibraltar	Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory)	„Joint Tri-Service“	Netzleitstelle Sender Empfänger
DCSA Milltown	RAF Milltown, Elgin, Moray, Morayshire, Scotland	Royal Air Force	Sendestelle
DCSA Plymouth	Plymouth, Devon, England	Royal Navy	Empfangsstelle	Hauptsächlich für die Führungsunterstützung des Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST).
DCSA St. Mawgan	RAF St. Mawgan, Newquay, Cornwall, England	Royal Air Force	Netzleitstelle
DCSA St. Vincent	Admiralty Citadel, Whitehall, London, England. (Ehemals HMS St. Vincent („Whitehall shore establishment“))	Royal Navy	Netzleitstelle
DCSA Toward Taynuilt	Cowal Halbinsel, Agryll and Bute, Scotland	Royal Navy	Sendestelle	Versorgung der Seegebiete rund um den Firth of Clyde.
RNAS Yeovilton	RNAS Yeovilton, Yeovil, Somerset, England	Royal Navy	Sender Empfänger

Original aus EN-WIKIPEDIA

The Defence High Frequency Communications Service or the DHFCS is a British military beyond line-of-sight communication system operated by the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and used predominately by the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy and British Army, as well as other authorised users.

The system operates from six transmitting and receiving sites across the United Kingdom and is controlled from a network control centre located at Forest Moor in North Yorkshire and a backup site at Kinloss Barracks in Moray. Overseas sites are located in Ascension Island, Cyprus and Falkland Islands.

In 2003 VT Merlin Communications (now Babcock International Group) were awarded the contract to operate the system for a period of fifteen years on behalf of the Ministry of Defence.

History

Masts at DHFCS Forest Moor, North Yorkshire.

Legacy systems

Prior to the creation of the DHFCS, the Royal Air Force (RAF) and Royal Navy (RN) operated their own independent high frequency (HF) communications systems. The RAF’s Strike Command Integrated Communications System (STCICS), later known as Terrestrial Air Sea Communications (TASCOMM), operated from six sites within the UK whilst the RN system had twelve sites.Vorlage:Sfn The systems overlapped in their capabilities whilst simultaneously having gaps in overall capability, high running costs, lack of flexibility and neither were used to their full capacity.Vorlage:Sfn

Public private partnership

In 2003 the Ministry of Defence (MOD) decided to merge the existing high frequency communications systems into one enhanced system and thereafter operate and manage it as the Defence High Frequency Communications Service (DHFCS). The Defence Communication Services Agency (DCSA) (now Information Systems and Services (ISS) under Joint Forces Command) awarded a £228m public private partnership contract to VT Merlin Communications (now Babcock International Group) to upgrade and operate the system.Vorlage:Sfn The contract lasts for fifteen years (ending in 2018) and is funded by a reduction in the number of transmitting, receiving and control sites and a reduction of 266 military personnel.Vorlage:Sfn

Site rationalisation

Through the rationalisation of sites, twelve sites (four RAF, seven RN and a joint site in Gibraltar) were closed between 2003 and 2006. Many sites were used for other military purposes with the sites at Bampton Castle, Chelveston and Milltown being the only sites which closed entirely.

Closed legacy system sites

UK Military High Frequency Transmitter, Receiver and Control Centre Sites Closed as Part of DHFCS Rationalisation

Site Name	Location	Operator	Type	Notes
DCSA Bampton Castle	Former RAF Bampton Castle, Bampton, Oxfordshire, England	Royal Air Force	Network Control Station Receiver	Formerly operated by RAF No. 2 Signals Unit and No. 81 Signals Unit. Approximately seventy-two masts were removed in December 2003 and the final two removed in 2015.
DCSA Chelveston	Former RAF Chelveston, Chelveston, Northamptonshire, England	Royal Air Force	Transmitter	Established 1977, closed in December 2003 and sold by the MoD in June 2005. Operated by RAF No. 81 Signals Unit.
DCSA Clach McKenny	Rosneath Peninsula, Argyll and Bute, Scotland	Royal Navy	Receiver	Provided local HF services to naval units in the Firth of Clyde.
RNAS Culdrose	RNAS Culdrose, Helston, Cornwall, England	Royal Navy	Transmitter Receiver
DCSA Fort Staddon	Plymouth, Devon, England	Royal Navy	Transmitter	Provided local HF services to Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST).
DCSA Gibraltar	Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory)	Joint Tri-Service	Network Control Station Transmitter Receiver
DCSA Milltown	Former RAF Milltown, Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland	Royal Air Force	Transmitter
DCSA Plymouth	Plymouth, Devon, England	Royal Navy	Receiver	Provided local HF services to Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST).
DCSA St. Mawgan	RAF St. Mawgan, Newquay, Cornwall, England	Royal Air Force	Network Control Station
DCSA St. Vincent	Admiralty Citadel, Whitehall, London, England. (Former HMS St. Vincent)	Royal Navy	Network Control Station
DCSA Toward Taynuilt	Cowal Peninsula, Agryll and Bute, Scotland	Royal Navy	Transmitter	Provided local HF services to naval units in the Firth of Clyde.
RNAS Yeovilton	RNAS Yeovilton, Yeovil, Somerset, England	Royal Navy	Transmitter Receiver

Purpose

Vorlage:Location map+The service provides HF communications for the Ministry of Defence (Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, British Army and Joint Forces Command), other British government departments and NATO (including its Partnership for Peace organisation). A memorandum of understanding exists to allow cooperation between the DHFCS and the US Air Force's (USAF) High Frequency Global Communications System (HFGCS) through a link to the HFGCS at the USAF facility at RAF Croughton in Northamptonshire. A link with the Australian Defence Force's High Frequency Communications System (HFCS) based in Canberra also exists.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn

The service allows real-time strategic communications between users which comprise ground stations, submarines, surface vessels, fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.Vorlage:Sfn

Structure and operation

The DHFCS was declared operational in March 2008. Within the UK, the system is divided into three stations of paired transmitter and receiver sites. 'UK North' comprises sites at Kinloss Barracks and Crimond in north east Scotland, 'UK Middle' at Forest Moor and Inskip in northern England and 'UK South' at St. Eval and Penhale Sands in south west England. Three overseas stations, with two sites each, are located in Cyprus, Ascension Island and the Falkland Islands.Vorlage:Sfn

The system was originally operated from a network control station (NCS) located at Forest Moor, with an alternate network control station (ANCS) at Kinloss which could be used in the event that Forest Moor station was unavailable. Split site working was introduced in 2011 which allows both the Forest Moor NCS and Kinloss ANCS to control 50% of the network, increasing resilience and recovery time in the event of a loss of service and minimising potential network unavailability.Vorlage:Sfn

Sites and Anthorn and Skelton in northern England provides a Very Low Frequency (VLF) transmitting capability which is used to send communications to submerged submarines. Due to the low frequencies involved submarines can only receive VLF communications and do not carry VLF transmission aerials. Therefore, there is no requirement for land-based receiver sites as communications are one way.

The DHFCS is known to have the following capabilities.Vorlage:Sfn

• Nuclear Firing Chain (HF/LF Secure Data)
• Ship to shore Automatic Link Establishment (ALE), Non ALE (Secure Data) – STANAG 5066 ARQ & DRC
• Direct Access users Channels (Voice)
• Multi Channel Broadcasts (Secure Data)
• Single Channel Broadcasts (Data & Voice)
• NATO Broadcasts (Secure Data)
• Off the Air Monitoring (Secure Data)
• Legacy Ship to Shore Services (Secure Data)
• Rear Links Services (Secure Data)
• Maritime Air Telecommunication Organisation (Secure Data & Voice)
• Terrestrial Air Sea Communications (TASCOMM - Voice)
• Voice Automatic Link Establishment

DHFCS sites in the United Kingdom

UK DHFCS Transmitter, Receiver and Control Centre SitesVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn

Site Name	Location	Type	Station	Callsign	Notes
DHFCS Crimond	Former RNAS Rattray (HMS Merganser), Aberdeenshire, Scotland	Transmitter	UK North		Formerly operated by the Royal Navy.
DHFCS Forest Moor	Former HMS Forest Moor, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England	Network Control Station Receiver	UK Middle	ARCHITECT	Formerly operated by the Royal Navy.
DHFCS Inskip	Former RNAS Inskip (HMS Nightjar), Lancashire, England	Transmitter	UK Middle		Formerly operated by the Royal Navy.
DHFCS Kinloss	Kinloss Barracks, Moray, Scotland	Network Control Station Receiver	UK North	ARCHITECT	Formerly operated by the Royal Air Force.
DHFCS Penhale Sands	Cornwall, England	Receiver	UK South		Formerly operated by the Royal Air Force.
DHFCS St. Eval	Cornwall, England	Transmitter	UK South		Formerly operated by the Royal Air Force.

Overseas DHFCS sites

Overseas DHFCS Transmitter and Receiver SitesVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn

Site Name	Location	Type	Station	Callsign	Notes
DHCFS Airhead	RAF Ascension, Ascension Island, Mid Atlantic Ocean			HAVEN
DHFCS Bush Rincon	East Falkland, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic Ocean		Falkland Islands	VIPER
DHFCS Donkey Plain	Donkey Plain, Ascension Island, Mid Atlantic Ocean		Ascension Island	HAVEN
DHFCS Episkopi	Episkopi, Western Sovereign Base Area, Cyprus		Cyprus	CYPRUS
DHFCS Mocho Pond	East Falkland, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic		Falkland Islands	VIPER
DHFCS Salt Lake	Western Sovereign Base Area, Cyprus		Cyprus	CYPRUS

References

Sources

• Vorlage:Cite web
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• Vorlage:Cite web